CCL22, also named stimulated T cell chemotactic protein (STCP-1) and MDC, is a CC chemokine initially isolated from clones of monocyte-derived macrophages. Human CCL22 cDNA encodes a precursor protein of 93 amino acid residues with an a 24 amino acid residue predicted signal peptide that is cleaved to yield a 69 amino acid residue mature 8 kDa protein. At the amino acid sequence level, CCL22 shows less than 35% identity to other CC chemokine family members. Human CCL22 is expressed in dendritic cells, macrophages and activated monocytes. In addition, CCL22 expression is also detected in the tissues of thymus, lymph node and appendix. The gene for human CCL22 has been mapped to chromosome 16 rather than chromosome 17 where the genes for many human CC chemokines are clustered. Recombinant or chemically synthesized mature CCL22 has been shown to induce chemotaxis or Ca2+ mobilization in dendritic cells, IL-2 activated NK cells, and activated T lymphocytes. A CD8+ T lymphocyte-derived secreted soluble activity that suppresses infection by primary non-syncytium-inducing and syncytium-inducing HIV-1 isolates and the T cell line-adapted isolate HIV-1IIIB, has been identified as CCL22. Based on amino-terminal sequence analysis, the major CD8+ T lymphocyte-derived CCL22 protein yielded an amino-terminal sequence of YGANM, which is two amino acid residues shorter than the predicted mature CCL22. The difference in potency between the two mature CCL22 isoforms has not been determined.
Mouse CCL24 is a secreted protein, which is a member of the CC chemokine subfamily. Mouse Ccl24 cDNA encodes a 119 amino acid residue precursor protein, shares approximately 58% amino acid sequence identity with human Ccl24. It is predominantly expressed in the jejunum and spleen and also be induced in the lung by allergen challengeand IL4. Mouse ccl24 has lower chemotactic activity for neutrophils but none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. Ccl24 is chemotactic for resting T-lymphocytes, eosinophils and can bind to CCR3. LPS and IL4 also differentially regulate the expression of Ccl24 in monocytes and macrophages.
CCL24, also known as Eotaxin-2 and MPIF-2, belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family. CCL24 gene belongs to the subfamily of small cytokine CC genes. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The CC cytokines are proteins characterized by two adjacent cysteines. CCL24 displays chemotactic activity on resting T lymphocytes, a minimal activity on neutrophils, and is negative on monocytes and activated T lymphocytes. CCL24 is also a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line. CCL24 is chemotactic for resting T-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. It has lower chemotactic activity for neutrophils but none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. It is a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line. Eotaxin-2 interacts with an chemokine receptor CCR3 to induce chemotaxis in eosinophils. Elevated level of Eotaxin-2 has been seen in patients with an aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
CCL25, also known as TECK (thymus-expressed chemokine), is a CC chemokine that regulates the trafficking of lymphocytes in the thymus and small intestine. Mature mouse CCL25 shares 40% and 81% amino acid sequence identity with an human and rat CCL25, respectively . CCL25 is produced by stromal cells in the thymus and epithelial cells of the small intestine, particularly the jejunum and ileum . It binds to and induces chemoattraction through CCR9 , and both human and mouse proteins act on human CCR9 . CCR9 is expressed on immature pre-T cells and thymocytes . CCL25 induces the homing of several lymphocyte populations to the small intestine , including Integrin alpha 4 beta 7+ gamma δ T cells , Integrin alpha E beta 7+ CD8+ T cells , and IgA-producing plasma cells . In cancer, functional CCR9 mediates the metastasis of melanoma cells to the small intestine , contributes to the CCL25-dependent migration and invasion of some breast carcinomas , and attracts mesenchymal stromal cells to CCL25-expressing multiple myelomas . CCL25 contributes to the severity of chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis where it attracts CCR9+ monocytes and macrophages , in endometriosis where it promotes the invasiveness of stromal cells , and in atherosclerosis where it contributes to the accumulation of CCR9+ macrophages in arterial plaques .
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