Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a growth factor and an essential cytokine which belongs to the IL-6 superfamily. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. G-CSF binding to its receptor G-CSF-R which belongs to the cytokine receptor type I family depends on the interaction of alpha-helical motifs of the former and two fibronectin type III as well as an immunoglobulin-like domain of the latter. G-CSF is a cytokine that have been demonstrated to improve cardiac function and perfusion in myocardial infarction. And it was initially evaluated as a stem cell mobilizer and erythropoietin as a cytoprotective agent.
The tyrosine kinase c-Src has been implicated as a modulator of cell proliferation, spreading, and migration. These functions are also regulated by Met. The structure of a large fragment of the c-Src kinase comprises the regulatory and kinase domains and the carboxy-terminal tail. c-Src kinase interactions among domains and is stabilized by binding of the phosphorylated tail to the SH2 domain. This molecule is locked in a conformation that simultaneously disrupts the kinase active site and sequesters the binding surfaces of the SH2 and SH3 domains. The structure shows how appropriate cellular signals, or transforming mutations in v-Src, could break these interactions to produce an open, active kinase. The protein-tyrosine kinase activity of c-Src kinase is inhibited by phosphorylation of tyr527, within the c-Src c-terminal tail. Genetic and biochemical data have suggested that this negative regulation requires an intact Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. Since SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosine, it is possible that these two non-catalytic domains associate, and thereby repress c-Src kinase activity. Experiments have suggested that c-Src kinase plays a role in the biological behaviour of colonic carcinoma cells induced by migratory factors such as EGF, perhaps acting in conjunction with FAK to regulate focal adhesion turnover and tumour cell motility. Furthermore, although c-Src kinase has been implicated in colonic tumour progression, in the adenoma to carcinoma in vitro model c-Src is not the driving force for this progression but co-operates with other molecules in carcinoma development.
Casein kinase II subunit alpha, also known as CK II alpha, CSNK2A1 and CK2A1, is a member of the protein kinase superfamily, Ser / Thr protein kinase family and CK2 subfamily. Casein kinase II (CSNK2A1) is a serine / threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates acidic proteins such as casein. This kinase is composed of an alpha, an alpha-prime, and two beta subunits. The alpha subunits contain the catalytic activity while the beta subunits undergo autophosphorylation. Casein kinase II (CSNK2A1) is a constitutively active, ubiquitously expressed serine / threonine protein kinase that is thought to have a regulatory function in cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. CSNK2A1 functions as a tetrameric complex consisting of two regulatory beta-subunits and two catalytic units (alpha and alpha') in a homomeric or heteromeric conformation. Whilst the alpha- and alpha'-subunits are catalytically identical, proteins that regulate CSNK2A1, such as cdc2 and Hsp90, preferentially bind to the alpha and not the alpha'-subunit. CSNK2A1 can phosphorylate a number of key intracellular signaling proteins implicated in tumor suppression (p53 and PTEN) and tumorigenesis (myc, jun, NF-kappaB). CSNK2A1 is also thought to influence Wnt signaling via beta-catenin phosphorylation and the PI 3-K signaling pathway via th phosphorylation of Akt.
Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 1, also known as Cysteine-rich protein 1, CSRP1 and CSRP, is a member of the CSRP family which may be involved in regulatory processes important for development and cellular differentiation. CSRP1 contains twoLIM zinc-binding domains. The LIM / double zinc-finger motif found in CSRP1 is found in a group of proteins with critical functions in gene regulation, cell growth, and somatic differentiation. Zebrafish CSRP1 is expressed in the mesendoderm and its derivatives. CSRP1 interacts with Dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) and Diversin (Div), which control cell morphology and other dynamic cell behaviors via the noncanonical Wnt and JNK pathways. When CSRP1 message is knocked down, abnormal convergent extension cell movement is induced, resulting in severe deformities in midline structures. In addition, cardiac bifida is induced as a consequence of defects in cardiac mesoderm cell migration. CSRP1 acts as a key molecule of the noncanonical Wnt pathway, which orchestrates cell behaviors during dynamic morphogenetic movements of tissues and organs.
As an inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, this protein is thought to serve an important physiological role as a local regulator of this enzyme activity.
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