Human C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) is a non-ELR chemokine secreted by various cell types; such as monocytes; endothelial cells and fibroblasts; in response to IFN-γ. CXCL10 functions via chemokine receptor CXCR3. CXCL10 has been attributed to several roles; such as chemoattraction for activated T-lymphocytes; inhibition of angiogenesis; and antitumor activity.
CXCL11, also known as I-TAC, SCYB9B, H174 and beta -R1, is a non-ELR CXC chemokine. CXCL11 cDNA encodes a 94 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with a 21 aa residue putative signal sequence, which is cleaved to form the mature 73 aa residue protein. CXCL11 shares 36% and 37% amino acid sequence homology with IP-10 and MIG (two other known human non-ELR CXC chemokines), respectively. CXCL11 is expressed at low levels in normal tissues including thymus, spleen and pancreas. The expression of CXCL11 mRNA is radically up regulated in IFN-gamma and IL-1 stimulated astrocytes. Moderate increase in expression is also observed in stimulated monocytes. CXCL11 has potent chemoattractant activity for IL-2 activated T cells and transfected cell lines expressing CXCR3, but not freshly isolated T cells, neutrophils or monocytes. The gene encoding CXCL11 has been mapped to chromosome 4.
Mouse Cxcl12 is a secreted and highly conserved protein which belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family.CXCL12 is widely expressed in various organs including brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and lymphoid organs. Cxcl12 activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis. It also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for SDF-1. Cxcl12 has several critical functions during embryonic development such as B-cell lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis in bone marrow and heart ventricular septum formation. Cxcl12 plays an important role in acting as a positive regulator of monocyte migration and a negative regulator of monocyte adhesion via the LYN kinase. It stimulates migration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through its receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, and decreases monocyte adherence to surfaces coated with ICAM-1, a ligand for beta-2 integrins. SDF1A/CXCR4 signaling axis inhibits beta-2 integrin LFA-1 mediated adhesion of monocytes to ICAM-1 through LYN kinase. It also plays a protective role after myocardial infarction, induces down-regulation and internalization of ACKR3 expressed in various cells and stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow-derived b progenitor cells in the presence of IL-7 as well as growth of the stromal cell-dependent B-cell clone DW34 cells.
Mouse C-X-C motif chemokine 15, also known as Cxcl15, is a secreted protein which is member of the ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines. It expressed at low levels in fetal lung, the expression restricted to the lung, produced by bronchoepithelial cells and is released into the airways. It plays an important role in lung-specific neutrophil trafficking during normal and inflammatory conditions. It also appears chemotactic for neutrophils.
CXCL16 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, which consists of 246 amino acids, CXCL16 induces a strong chemotatic response and calcium mobilization. CXCL16 acts as a scavenger receptor on macrophages, which specially binds to oxidized low density lipoprotein. CXCL16 may involves in pathophysiology such as atherogenesis. Soluble CXCL16 may play an important role in liver metastases through the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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