Exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2) is a member of the exostosin (EXT)-related family which contains five members: EXT1, EXT2, EXTL1, EXTL2, and EXTL3. Studies have shown that EXT gene family members have the activities of heparan sulfate-synthesizing glycosyltransferases. EXT1 and EXT2, which have been identified as causal genes for hereditary multiple exostoses, have HS-GlcAT-II and GlcNAcT-II activities. EXTL1 has GlcNAcT-II activity and EXTL3 has GlcNAcT-I and -II activities. EXTL2 has GlcNAcT-I and N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activities, and transfers a GlcNAc residue to the tetrasaccharide linkage region when this region is phosphorylated by a xylose kinase 1 (FAM20B) and thereby terminate chain elongation. In mice, lack of EXTL2 causes glycosaminoglycan (GAG) overproduction and structural changes of GAGs associated with pathological processes.
Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte, also known as Adipocyte-type fatty acid-binding protein, Fatty acid-binding protein 4, Adipocyte lipid-binding protein, and FABP4, is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to thecalycin superfamily and Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. In familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), FABP4 correlated to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index.FABP4 levels were associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In humans serum FABP4 levels correlate significantly with features of PCOS. It appears to be a determinant of atherogenic dyslipidemia. FABP4 pathway mediates the sebaceous gland hyperplasia in keratinocyte-specific Pten-null mice. FABP4 concentration significantly increased with an increasing of MS features and was strongly correlated with body-mass index, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure. Patients in the highest quartile of FABP4 presented a six-fold increased odds ratio for MS and a three-fold increased odds for LD, adjusted by age, sex, body-mass index and the antiretroviral therapy. FABP4 is a strong plasma marker of metabolic disturbances in HIV-infected patients, and therefore, could serve to guide therapeutic intervention in this group of patients.
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) are small cytoplasmic lipid binding proteins that are expressed in a tissue specific manner and are involved in intracellular lipid transport. All FABPs bind free fatty acids, cholesterol, and retinoids, which differ in their selectivity, affinity and binding mechanism. Circulating FABP levels are used as indicators of tissue damage. Some FABP polymorphisms have been associated with disorders of lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. FABPs are structurally conserved, consisting of a water-filled, ligand-binding pocket surrounded by ten anti-parallel beta-barrel structures, capped by an N-terminal helix-turn-helix motif. The helical N-terminus is involved in the regulation of FA transfer from membranes. FABP5, also known as epidermal fatty acid binding protein (E-FABP), is highly expressed in epidermal cells, but also in a plethora of other tissues, including mammary gland, brain, liver, kidney, lung, adipocytes, macrophages, tongue and testis. It is associated with keratinocytes and adipocytes and is suggested to promote fatty acid availability to enzymes, protect cell structures from fatty acid attack, and target fatty acids to nuclear transcription factors. The amino acid sequence of human FABP5 is 80%, 81% and 92% identical to that of mouse, rat and bovine FABP5, respectively.
Complement factor D, also known as adipsin, is a member of the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases, which plays an essential role in host defense as the rate-limiting enzyme in the alternative pathway of complement activation. Complement factor D activates a convertase (C3bBb) responsible for cleavage of the complement protein C3, which leads to the activation of terminal complement component C5-9 to form the membrane attack complex on microbial or cellular surfaces. It also functions in the regulation of systemic energy balance and physiologic and pathologic processes, including immunity and inflammation.
Complement factor D, also known as Adipsin, C3 convertase activator, Properdin factor D and CFD is a secreted protein which belongs to thepeptidase S1 family. CFD / Adipsin contains onepeptidase S1 domain. Complement factor D ( CFD / Adipsin ) is a component of the alternative complement pathway best known for its role in humoral suppression of infectious agents. Complement factor D ( CFD / Adipsin ) has a high level of expression in fat, suggesting a role for adipose tissue in immune system biology. This protein is also a serine protease that is secreted by adipocytes into the bloodstream. Complement factor D ( CFD / Adipsin ) cleaves factor B when the latter is complexed with factor C3b, activating the C3bbb complex, which then becomes the C3 convertase of the alternate pathway. Its function is homologous to that of C1s in the classical pathway. Complement factor D ( CFD / Adipsin ) is a serine protease that stimulates glucose transport for triglyceride accumulation in fats cells and inhibits lipolysis. Defects in CFD / Adipsin are the cause of complement factor D deficiency (CFD deficiency) which predisposes to invasive meningococcal disease.
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