Receptor activated by amino acids with a preference for basic amino acids such as L-Lys, L-Arg and L-ornithine but also by small and polar amino acids. The L-alpha amino acids respond is augmented by divalent cations Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Activated by extracellular calcium and osteocalin. Seems to act through a G(q)/G(11) and G(i)-coupled pathway. Mediates the non-genomic effects of androgens in multiple tissue. May coordinates nutritionnal and hormonal anabolic signals through the sensing of extracellular amino acids, osteocalcin, divalents ions and its responsiveness to anabolic steroids.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), also known as glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), is a pyridoxal enzyme which belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family, Alanine aminotransferase subfamily. Gpt / Gpt1 / ALT catalyses the reversible interconversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutalate to pyruvate and L-glutamate, and plays a key role in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. Gpt / Gpt1 / ALT is expressed in Liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscles and it expresses at moderate levels in the adipose tissue. As a key enzyme for gluconeogenesis, Gpt is a widely-used serum marker for liver injury. Two ALT isoenzymes have been identified, ALT1 and ALT2 (GPT1 and GPT2), which are encoded by separate genes and share significant sequence homology, but differ in their expression patterns. GPT1/GPT is widely distributed and mainly expressed in intestine, liver, fat tissues, colon, muscle, and heart, in the order of high to low expression level. Serum activity levels of this enzyme are routinely used as a biomarker of liver injury caused by drug toxicity, infection, alcohol, and steatosis.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), also known as glutamate pyruvate transaminase (Gpt), is a pyridoxal enzyme which catalyses the reversible interconversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutalate to pyruvate and L-glutamate, and plays a key role in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. As a key enzyme for gluconeogenesis, Gpt is a widely-used serum marker for liver injury. Two ALT isoenzymes have been identified, ALT1 and ALT2 (GPT1 and GPT2), which are encoded by separate genes and share significant sequence homology, but differ in their expression patterns. Gpt1 is widely distributed and mainly expressed in intestine, liver, fat tissues, colon, muscle, and heart, in the order of high to low expression level, whereas Gpt2 expression is more restricted, mainly in liver, muscle, brain, and white adipose tissue. It has been reported that hepatic ALT2 protein is approximately four times higher in male rats than in female rats.
Growth hormone receptor, also known as GH receptor and GHR, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to thetype I cytokine receptor family and type 1 subfamily. GHR contains onefibronectin type-III domain. Growth hormone receptor / GHR is expressed in various tissues with high expression in liver and skeletal muscle. Isoform4of GHR is predominantly expressed in kidney, bladder, adrenal gland and brain stem. Isoform1 expression of GHR in placenta is predominant in chorion and decidua. Isoform4is highly expressed in placental villi. Isoform2of GHR is expressed in lung, stomach and muscle. Growth hormone receptor / GHR is a receptor for pituitary gland growth hormone. It is involved in regulating postnatal body growth. On ligand binding, it couples to the JAK2 / STAT5 pathway. Isoform2of GHR up-regulates the production of GHBP and acts as a negative inhibitor of GH signaling. Defects in GHR are a cause of Laron syndrome (LARS) which is a severe form of growth hormone insensitivity characterized by growth impairment, short stature, dysfunctional growth hormone receptor, and failure to generate insulin-like growth factor I in response to growth hormone. Defects in GHR may also be a cause of idiopathic short stature autosomal (ISSA) which is defined by a subnormal rate of growth.
Glutathione S-transferase that catalyzes the nucleophilic attack of the sulfur atom of glutathione on the electrophilic groups of a wide range of exogenous and endogenous compounds (Probable). Involved in the formation of glutathione conjugates of both prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). Tissue specificity expressed in liver.Homodimer or heterodimer of GSTA1 and GSTA2.
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