PTH elevates calcium level by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion. Stimulates [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblastic cells.
Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), also known as F11 receptor (F11R) or Cluster of Differentiation 321 (CD321), is a transmembrane protein expressed at tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as on circulating leukocytes. JAM-A protein serves as a serotype-independent receptor for mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses). It is also a ligand for the integrin LFA1, involves in leukocyte transmigration. As a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, JAM-A protein involves in platelet adhesion, secretion and aggregation, and plays a crucial role in inflammatory thrombosis and atherosclerosis. In addition, it may be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Junctional adhesion molecule B (JAM-B), also known as Junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2), Vascular endothelial junction-associated molecule (VE-JAM), and CD322, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is prominently expressed on high endothelial venules. expression to be restricted to the high endothelial venule of tonsil and lymph nodes. The localization to the endothelium of arterioles in and around inflammatory and tumor foci. JAM-B can function as an adhesive ligand for the T cell line J45 and can interact with GM-CSF/IL-4-derived peripheral blood dendritic cells, circulating CD56(+) NK cells, circulating CD56(+)CD3(+) NK/T cells, and circulating CD56(+)CD3(+)CD8(+) cytolytic T cells. JAM-2 is expressed on high endothelial venules (HEVs) in human tonsil and on a subset of human leukocytes, suggesting that JAM-2 plays a central role in the regulation of transendothelial migration. It binds to very late activation antigen (VLA)-4, a leucocyte integrin that contributes to rolling and firm adhesion of lymphocytes to endothelial cells through binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. JAM-B appears to contribute to leucocyte extravasation by facilitating not only transmigration but also rolling and adhesion. JAM-B acts as an adhesive ligand for interacting with a variety of immune cell types and may play a role in lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs.
Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 is also known as HAVCR1, HAVCR, KIM1, TIM, TIM1, TIMD1, is widely expressed with highest levels in kidney and testis. The protein encoded by HAVCR1 gene is a membrane receptor for both human hepatitis A virus (HHAV) and TIMD4. The encoded protein may be involved in the moderation of asthma and allergic diseases. The reference genome represents an allele that retains a MTTVP amino acid segment that confers protection against atopy in HHAV seropositive individuals. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. HAVCR1 may play a role in T-helper cell development, the regulation of asthma and allergic diseases and in kidney injury and repair. In case of human hepatitis A virus (HHAV) infection, functions as a cell-surface receptor for the virus.
Kin of IRRE-like protein 3 (KIRREL3) also known as nin of irregular chiasm-like protein 3 or nephrin-like protein 2 (NEPH2) is a member of the nephrin-like protein family of transmembrane proteins, which includes NEPH1 (KIRREL) and NEPH3 (KIRREL2). KIRREL3/NEPH2 is expressed in fetalv and adult brain, and also in podocytes of kidney glomeruli. The cytoplasmic domains of KIRREL3/NEPH2 interact with the C-terminus of podocin, also expressed in the podocytes, cells involved in ensuring size- and charge-selective ultrafiltration. Mutations in KIRREL3/NEPH2 are associated with mental retardation autosomal dominant type 4. KIRREL3/NEPH2 expression is turned on in migrating nucleogenesis of the pontine nucleus (PN) neurons only after they enter the presumptive nuclear region. KIRREL3/NEPH2 knockdown disrupted the nuclear organization of PN presumably by changing the migratory behavior of PN neurons inside the nuclear region. Moreover, overexpression of the cytoplasmic region of KIRREL3, which can sequester intracellular signaling of endogenous KIRREL3, resulted in similar phenotypes. Overall, these results suggest KIRREL3 is involved in the nucleogenesis of the PN through the control of neuronal migration inside the nucleus.
Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having diverse physiological functions. Growing evidence suggests that many kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Its encoded protein is secreted and may play a role in suppression of tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers. Alternate splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.
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