AM and PAMP are potent hypotensive and vasodilatator agents. Numerous actions have been reported most related to the physiologic control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. In the kidney, am is diuretic and natriuretic, and both am and pamp inhibit aldosterone secretion by direct adrenal actions. In pituitary gland, both peptides at physiologically relevant doses inhibit basal ACTH secretion. Both peptides appear to act in brain and pituitary gland to facilitate the loss of plasma volume, actions which complement their hypotensive effects in blood vessels.
CD147/EMMPRIN (Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer), also known as Basigin (BSG), is a transmembrane glycoprotein with different forms resulted from different modes of glycosylation and N-terminal sequence variants. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with homology to both the immunoglobulin V domain and MHC class II antigen beta-chain. This protein play important roles in variety of events including spermatogenesis, embryo implantation, neural network formation. CD147 induces the production and release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the surrounding mesenchymal cells and tumor cells, and thereby promotes invasion, metastasis, growth and survival of malignant cells. Furthermore, CD147 also serves as a receptor for extracellular cyclophilinthe and its association with integrins might be important in signal transduction. Recently, CD147 displays increased expression in many cancers, and it has been previously demonstrated to participate in cancer metastasis and progression. Thus, CD147 and its antibody are used as an effective treatment for malignant cancers.
Proenkephalin-B(PDYN), belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family. The N-terminal domain contains 6 conserved cysteines thought to be involved in disulfide bonding and/or processing. Leu-enkephalins, which is a type of Proenkephalin-B, compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. Dynorphin peptides differentially regulate the kappa opioid receptor. Dynorphin A has a typical opiod activity, it is 700 times more potent than Leu-enkephalin.
Profilin-II (PFN2) is ubiquitous protein which belongs to the profilin family. PFN2 binds to actin, thenaffects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profiling prevents the polymerization of actin, while increases that at low concentrations. PFN2 is a ubiquitous actin monomer-binding protein. It regulates actin polymerization in response to extra cellular signals. PFN2 binds to PIP2; it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG.
Progonadoliberin-2, also known as Progonadoliberin II and GNRH2, belongs to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone family. GNRH2 is specially expressed in midbrain, at significantly higher levels outside the brain (up to 30-fold). GNRH2 can be cleaved into two chains, gonadoliberin-2 and GnRH-associated peptide 2. gonadoliberin-2 regulates reproduction in females by stimulating the secretion of both luteinizing- and follicle-stimulating hormones. The proproteins produce three transcript variants, but produce the same peptide hormone.
Prolactin (PRL) is a secreted neuroendocrine pituitary hormone that acts primarily on the mammary gland to promote lactation; but has pleiotropic effects in both males and females. Non-glycosylated prolactin is produced by the pituitary and packaged in storage granules before secretion; while glycosylated prolactin is reported to be constitutively secreted; have lower biological potency; and be removed from the circulation more quickly. Prolactin is synthesized mainly by the anterior pituitary in all mammals; where secretion is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine. In humans; prolactin is also produced peripherally. Prolactin expression is low during early human pregnancy; but increases in late pregnancy. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a transmembrane type I glycoprotein that belongs to the cytokine hematopoietic receptor family. prolactin molecule is thought to bind two receptor molecules. In addition to its lactogenic activity; peripherally produced prolactin plays roles in breast and prostate cancer development; regulation of reproductive function; and immunoregulation.
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