CD70, also known as CD27L, is a 50 kD type II transmembrane glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. CD70 is expressed on activated T, B and NK cells, activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia and large B cell lymphomas. CD70 costimulates T cell proliferation and differentiation. It plays a role in the pDC-induced B cell differentiation. The ligand of CD70 is CD27.
CD72 is a 39-43 kD type II membrane glycoprotein. It is a disulfide-linked homodimer belonging to C-type lectin family. CD72 is a pan-B cell marker expressed on pre-pre-B cells throughout B cell differentiation with the exception of plasma cells. It is also expressed on follicular dendritic cells, splenic red pulp macrophages (but not on peripheral blood monocytes), and liver Kupffer cells. CD72, a negative coreceptor of B cells, contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in the cytoplasmic domain which has been shown to recruit the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Ligation of CD72 with its ligand regulates CD72 tyrosine dephosphorylation and SHP-1 dissociation to promote B cell activation and proliferation. CD100 and CD5 have been shown to be CD72 ligands. The CD100-CD72 interaction plays a role in maintenance of B cell homeostasis.
CD73 is a 70 kD glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked 5'-nucleotidase, which is also known as ecto-5'-nucleotidase. It converts adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine. CD73 is expressed on subsets of T and B cells, mesenchymal stem cells, follicular dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. It has been reported that CD73 costimulates T cell activation, and mediates adhesion of lymphocytes to follicular dendritic cells and endothelial cells.
CD74 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein also known as MHC class II associated invariant chain, invariant chain, Ii, MHC class II chaperone, and MIF receptor. CD74 exists in four isoforms with molecular masses of 33, 35, 41, and 43 kD, depending on genetic splicing. CD74 is primarily expressed on antigen presenting cells, including B cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells. It is also expressed by activated T cells and activated endothelial and epithelial cells as well as carcinomas of lung, renal, gastric and thymic origin. The primary function of CD74 is intracellular sorting of MHC class II molecules and regulation of exogenous peptide loading onto MHC class II. It is also involved in the modulation of B cell differentiation and positive selection of CD4+ T cells. It has been reported that CD74 binds MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) and signals through CD44 to regulate innate and adaptive immunity. It is also reported that H. pylori infection occurs through urease B binding of CD74 on gastric epithelial cells, inducing gastric epithelial cell apoptosis, NF-κB activation, and IL-8 production.
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