CD74 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein also known as MHC class II associated invariant chain, invariant chain, Ii, MHC class II chaperone, and MIF receptor. CD74 exists in four isoforms with molecular masses of 33, 35, 41, and 43 kD, depending on genetic splicing. CD74 is primarily expressed on antigen presenting cells, including B cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells. It is also expressed by activated T cells and activated endothelial and epithelial cells as well as carcinomas of lung, renal, gastric and thymic origin. The primary function of CD74 is intracellular sorting of MHC class II molecules and regulation of exogenous peptide loading onto MHC class II. It is also involved in the modulation of B cell differentiation and positive selection of CD4+ T cells. It has been reported that CD74 binds MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) and signals through CD44 to regulate innate and adaptive immunity. It is also reported that H. pylori infection occurs through urease B binding of CD74 on gastric epithelial cells, inducing gastric epithelial cell apoptosis, NF-κB activation, and IL-8 production.
CD79a is a 47 kD type I integral membrane protein, also known as mb-1 or Iga. It is a member of the Ig superfamily and disulphide-associated with CD79b (B29). The interaction of CD79a/CD79b heterodimer with B cell suface Ig forms B cell antigen receptor complex. CD79a is expressed in B cells from early pre-B to plasma cell stage. It has been shown that CD79a is also weakly expressed in some precursors of T- and myeloid cells. CD79 mediates the transport of IgM to B cell surface and transduces signals initiated by BCR aggregation.
CD7 is a 40 kD type I transmembrane glycoprotein also known as gp40. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily found on T cells, NK cells, thymocytes, hematopoietic progenitors, and monocytes (weakly). CD7 is also expressed on acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and some acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. CD7 crosslinking induces a calcium flux in T lymphocytes, presumably as a result of cytoplasmic domain association with PI3-kinase. CD7 costimulation can induce cytokine secretion and modulate cellular adhesion.
CD80 is a 60 kD highly glycosylated protein. It is a member of the Ig superfamily and is also known as B7-1, B7, and Ly-53. CD80 is constitutively expressed on dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, and inducibly expressed on activated B and T cells. The ligation of CD28 on T cells with CD80 and CD86 (B7-2) on antigen presenting cells (such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) elicits co-stimulation of T cells resulting in enhanced cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. CD80 appears to be expressed later in the immune response than CD86. CD80 can also bind to CD152, also known as CTLA-4, to deliver an inhibitory signal to T cells.
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